How Cellular Communication Works

Many people think about how cellular networks work, what happens when we press the call button? When calling each other, the called subscriber is often located not only within one city, but even on another continent. (Huawei phones prices in Harare) How does cellular communication work?

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF CELLULAR COMMUNICATIONS

In most of the territory of our country, equipment for cellular communications is located, it is called base stations. They are clearly visible in open areas - in fields, between settlements. In urban areas, they are often placed on the roofs of buildings. The base station is able to pick up a signal from a Smartphone at a distance of up to thirty-five kilometers, contact between the towers is carried out through a special service or voice signal.

The active development of mobile communications gave rise to the problem of limiting the frequency, namely, the working channels located nearby began to overlap, creating interference. For many years, an idea was proposed according to which a certain area of ​​service by a cellular operator must be divided into cells. Each cell is served by a dedicated transmitter that assumes a fixed frequency range and range. This system eliminates interference when using the same frequency, but in a different cell. To divide a certain area into equal sections, the most optimal is a six-cornered figure resembling a honeycomb, since an antenna with a circular pattern installed in the center of the honeycomb will provide free stable access to all points of the cell. All cells have their own frequency band and a serving base station. Adjacent cells do not use the same frequencies, thereby eliminating crosstalk and interference, and conversely, cells that are far apart can use the same frequencies.

HOW BASE STATIONS WORK

When the Smartphone is in standby mode, its receiving mechanism scans the channels of the system. If the user is going to make a call and dials the number, the device automatically finds a station that is located closer to him and sends a request to allocate a voice channel. (Itel phones prices in Zimbabwe) Those base stations that receive the response signal forward its data to the switching center, where the conversation is switched to the nearest station to the called subscriber with a higher signal level. The switching center also determines which mobile operator is being used by the called subscriber.

In the event that a call is made between subscribers within the same network, then in the switching center, the location of the called subscriber is immediately identified, and it does not matter where the person is: at home, in transport or on a business trip in another country. The physical location of the subscriber in no way interferes with the connection and making the call. If the switching center receives information that the called subscriber uses the operator of another communication, then the request will be sent to the switching center of another network. In general, it turns out that the system is quite simple, and how cellular communication works is clear. An interesting question remains how the base station device looks like: everything is simple here - these are just a few metal pedestals.

COMMUNICATION SUSTAINABILITY ISSUES

It is clear that at the moment of dialing the number, the device occupies an unoccupied channel with the maximum possible signal level. But, if during the conversation the subscriber begins to move away from the base station or the conditions for expanding radio waves deteriorate, all this will adversely affect the communication and its quality. It is logical that its improvement occurs after subscribers switch to other, more stable communication channels.

Each base station has an antenna, which consists of several elements, the so-called sectors, which are responsible for their "own" area. The vertical component of the antenna is responsible for communication with mobile devices, the round one - with the controller. Taking into account the fact that one station most often consists of 6 sectors, and each of them is capable of receiving at least 70 calls, after some simple calculations it turns out that serving more than 400 subscribers at the same time is not a problem for it. This performance is often quite enough. But, there are also emergency situations when all subscribers of all mobile operators begin to call. (Samsung phones prices in Zimbabwe) For example, on big holidays (New Year), and the base stations simply cannot cope - interruptions and interference begin. Nevertheless, for an average load, six sectors are more than enough.